New Nature Study Illuminates 55 Million Years of the Carbon Cycle and Climate History

(Click to enlarge) A map of the Pacific basin, showing the drill sites visited by the JOIDES Resolution during IODP Expeditions 320 and 321. (Image Credit: Integrated Ocean Drilling Program/United States Implementing Organization)

A study in the August 30 issue of Nature provides, in unprecedented detail, the history of a crucial indicator of the relationship between the carbon cycle and climate processes over the past 55 million years.

Over this time period, when the Earth is known to have transitioned from “hothouse” to “icehouse” conditions, the oceans also experienced a dramatic shift in the carbonate compensation depth, or CCD. Defined as the depth below which carbonate minerals (such as calcite) dissolve completely, the CCD is known to fluctuate over time – it shallows during warm periods, and deepens when ice age conditions prevail. Now, however, scientists have a detailed and quantifiable record of just how much the CCD has shifted during recent geological history.

The study, which relies on seafloor sediment cores collected during a pair of 2009 expeditions on board the JOIDES Resolution, demonstrates that 55 million years ago, the CCD of the Pacific Ocean sat at an average of about two miles (3.3-3.6 km) below the sea surface. As the Earth cooled, however, the CCD sank – reaching its deepest point of almost three miles (4.8 km) between 13 and 11 million years ago. Today, the Pacific’s CCD sits just less than three miles (4.5 km) deep, and is thought to be on the rise as a result of modern, human-induced climate change.

(Click to enlarge) The JOIDES Resolution sits docked in Honolulu Harbor prior to the start of Expedition 320 in March 2009. (Image Credit: Integrated Ocean Drilling Program/United States Implementing Organization)

“Long-term change in CCD and changes in Earth’s atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration both result from shifts in how carbon is cycled by earth processes,” says study co-author Mitchell Lyle, a geoscientist at Texas A&M University who co-led the second of the two expeditions. “Adding geologic reserves of carbon into the oceans and atmosphere – by burning coal or petroleum, for example – causes oceans to become more acidic and causes the atmosphere and oceans to warm. This new CCD record is an important step toward understanding how the carbon system balances out over long time frames. ”

The Pacific Ocean has remained the largest ocean on Earth for millions of years. Today, it covers one third of the planet’s surface, and its biologically productive equatorial region plays a very important role in the global carbon cycle and long-term climate patterns. Over four months, the drilling vessel JOIDES Resolution – operated by the U.S. Implementing Organization on behalf of the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) – drilled nearly four miles of core samples at eight different locations across the center of the Pacific basin.

(Click to enlarge) L-R: Carl Richter (University of Louisiana) shares data with Expedition 320 Co-Chief Scientists Hiroshi Nishi (Hokkaido University, Japan) and Heiko Palike (University of Bremen, Germany). (Image Credit: Integrated Ocean Drilling Program/United States Implementing Organization)

“We often discuss global warming induced by man-made carbon dioxide. However, on geological timescales of millions of years, other processes determine the carbon cycle,” says lead author Heiko Pälike, a geoscientist at the University of Bremen who co-led the first expedition. Volcanoes are a major natural source of atmospheric carbon dioxide, while the weathering of carbonate rocks can remove the gas from the atmosphere. “The overall balance of these processes is reflected in the CCD,” explains Pälike.

In the Nature study, Pälike, Lyle and their co-authors demonstrate that, in the equatorial Pacific, the CCD did not follow a one-way path to the depths as the planet cooled down. Rather, the data reveals five intervals in the “greenhouse” world (prior to 33 million years ago) during which the CCD fluctuated upwards and downwards in a range between 650 and 3,000 feet (200-900 m), and at least four more major excursions in the last 20 million years.

(Click to enlarge) L-R: Expedition 321 Co-chief Scientist Mitch Lyle (Texas A&M University), Leah Schneider (Pennsylvania State University), Oscar Romero (Universidad de Granada, Spain), Bridget Wade (Texas A&M University) and Chieh Peng (IODP-USIO/TAMU) examine a piece of ocean crust recovered at the bottom of Hole U1337C. (Image Credit: Integrated Ocean Drilling Program/United States Implementing Organization)

“These events, which often mirror warming and cooling phases, persisted between 250,000 and one million years,” Pälike explains. They resulted from minor differences between how much calcium was added to the oceans by weathering versus how much carbon dioxide was added to the ocean-atmosphere system by volcanic eruptions. The cycling of carbon between the sea surface and deep ocean further complicated the situation.

“Understanding the processes that caused these CCD excursions will provide important new insights about how the carbon cycle and climate are linked,” Lyle says. “And, they will help us better understand how and when the current spike in atmospheric carbon dioxide will eventually level out.”

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(Click to enlarge) The bridge of the JOIDES Resolution transits to San Diego, California at the close of Expedition 321 in June 2009. (Image Credit: Integrated Ocean Drilling Program/United States Implementing Organization)

To access more data and information from the Pacific Equatorial Age Transect (PEAT) expeditions, please see: http://publications.iodp.org/proceedings/320_321/32021toc.htm

The paper, titled “A Cenozoic record of the equatorial Pacific carbonate compensation depth,” appears in the August 30, 2012 issue of the journal Nature. (doi:10.1038/nature11360)

Additional related information:

http://joidesresolution.org/blog/31

http://www.oceanleadership.org/2009/marine-scientists-to-investigate-role-of-equatorial-pacific-in-global-climate-system/

http://www.iodp.org/pacific-equatorial-age-transect-peat-1-2-media-kit

http://www.oceanleadership.org/2009/peat-news-network-special-report-drilling-operations-247/

About IODP

The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) is an international research program dedicated to advancing scientific understanding of the Earth through drilling, coring, and monitoring the subseafloor. The JOIDES Resolution is a scientific research vessel managed by the U.S. Implementing Organization of IODP (USIO). Together, Texas A&M University, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, and the Consortium for Ocean Leadership comprise the USIO. IODP is supported by two lead agencies: the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and Japan’s Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology. Additional program support comes from the European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD), the Australia-New Zealand IODP Consortium (ANZIC), India’s Ministry of Earth Sciences, the People’s Republic of China (Ministry of Science and Technology), and the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources. For more information, visit www.iodp.org.

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Media Contacts:

Matthew Wright
Consortium for Ocean Leadership
Washington, D.C. USA
mwright@oceanleadership.org
+1-202-448-1254

Heiko Pälike
MARUM, University of Bremen
Bremen, Germany
hpaelike@marum.de
+49-421-218-65980

Albert Gerdes
MARUM, University of Bremen
Bremen, Germany
agerdes@marum.de
+49-421-218-65540